Search Results for:
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| Accommodation (2002) by Ronald Langacker |
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| In his Foundations of Cognitive Grammar, Ronald Langacker remarks that "Most linguistic units are highly integrated structural complexes or systems, which are more than the sum of their recognizable parts" (19)... |
| Accommodation / Assimilation Distinction (1972) by Ruth M. Beard |
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| Assimilation: incorporation of new objects and experiences into existing schemas. Accommodation: modification of schemas as a result of new experiences. (ix)Beard introduces these basic complementary cognitive processes ... |
| Act(s) Of Meaning (2009) by Michael Halliday |
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| An act of meaning occurs when a person formulates a text from his or her meaning potential resources with the constraints of construal (conceptualization) and interpersonal awareness (rhetoric). They construe exper... |
| Action (1963) by Anthony Kenny |
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| In Action, Emotion and Will, Anthony Kenny writes:
Very often, what happens when a human being performs an action may be described as follows. First, there exists a state of affairs of which the agent disapproves; th... |
| Action (2002) by David Herman |
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| "Action structures are mental models of participent-oriented patterns of effort, conflict, trouble, and, in some cases at least, resolution of conflict and overcoming of trouble" (Herman, Story Logic, 2002, 90-... |
| Adaptive Structuration (2003) by Marshall Scott Poole |
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| Marshall Scott Poole borrowed Anthony Giddens’ conception of structuration to develop a model of small group communicative interactions, in particular, decision making. Giddens proposed that members of ... |
| Affective Conflict (1996) by Mark Cole |
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| While conflict is an everyday occurrence in our daily lives, it is crucial to understand the very different types of conflicts that exist within relationships. In doing so, we are more fully equipped to understand the co... |
| Agenda Setting (0) by Pratakanis, A., Aronson |
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| Agenda setting is a concept which the media tells viewers and society what to think about. The theory postulates that the media enlightens the same stories day after day which give us no other choice but to discuss them ... |
| Agenda Setting (1972) by McCombs, M. & Shaw, D.L. |
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| Agenda setting theory is a theory that argues that the news media puts into action to somewhat force viewers, what to think about rather than just what to think. With agenda setting, the media will concentrate on a few s... |
| Agenda Setting (1972) by Maxwell McCombs, Donald Shaw |
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| The colloquial meaning of “agenda setting” is that whoever sets the agenda for a meeting controls the issues to which its participants will attend. In their "The agenda-setting function of mass med... |
| Agenda Setting (2001) by Pratakanis, A., Aronson |
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| Agenda setting is a way for the media to control what the audience thinks about. What is shown in the news and printed in the newspapers is limited to events that are commons on the news; events that people are used to ... |
| Aggressiveness As A Personality Trait (1987) by Dominic A. Infante |
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| In his “Aggressiveness,” Dominic A. Infante argues that a communication "may be considered aggressive if it applies force physically and symbolically in order, minimally, to dominate and perhaps damage o... |
| Analogy (2008) by James J. Sosnoski |
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| The conception of an "analogy" has a tortured history, at least from the perspective of someone who believes that analogical thinking is more pervasive and more significant than logical thinking in everyday lif... |
| Analysis / Analyze (1997) by Ragin, Charles C. |
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| Ragin, whose The Comparative Method focuses on case-oriented research, distinguishes between this usually qualitative mode of analysis and a much broader mode that requires quantitative analysis because of the scope of t... |
| Anxiety Uncertainty Management Theory (1988) by William B. Gudykunst |
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| According to William B. Gudykunst, Anxiety Uncertainty Management Theory focuses on first encounters with others outside our own culture. With this theory, he states that an overthrow of anxiety and uncertainty both play... |
| Argument (1976) by Stephen Toulmin |
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| An argument is a set of logical or analogical relations among sentences including at a minimum a stated claim or thesis and support for it. To draw the expected inference, the claim must be warranted implicitly or explic... |
| Argumentativeness (1989) by Dominic A. Infante |
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| In Building Communication Theory, Dominic A. Infante, Andrew S. Rancer, summarize the results of their study of husbands and wives in violent relationships. Their research suggests that in violent marriages communication... |
| Attribution (1958) by Fritz Heider |
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| In communicative situations the participants frequently ask themselves why did they say this or do that? It is a question the answer to which informs the direction the communication will take. If for example, you believe... |
| Attribution (1971) by Harold Kelley |
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| In his Attributions in Social Interaction Harold Kelley offers three guidelines that influence the ways in which persons explain in their everyday interactions: consensus, consistency, and distinctiveness.Consensus refer... |
| Attribution (1971) by Harold Kelly |
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| In his Attributions in Social Interaction Harold Kelly offers three guidelines that influence the ways in which persons explain their everyday interactions: consensus, consistency, and distinctiveness.Consensus refers to... |
| Attribution (1986) by Bernard Weiner |
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| In 1986 Bernard Weiner tried to make earlier attribution models less mechanical and more nuanced. He developed a form of attribution theory to explain the emotional and motivational conditions of academic success and fai... |
| Attribution (1986) by Brant Burleson |
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| In “Attribution Schemes and Causal Inference in Natural Conversations,” Brant Burleson describes the results of his research on causal attributions in natural conversations. From a collection of tapes of ever... |
| Attribution - Fundamental Attribution Error (1977) by Lee Ross |
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| Ross first introduced the term "fundamental attribution error" in “The intuitive psychologist and his shortcomings: Distortions in the attribution process (1977).” The concept, however, is usually a... |
| Bases Of Modern Rhetoric (0) by Kenneth Burke |
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| When we talk about the terms of language, we are refering to the ability that grammar has on rhetoric and our language motives in communication. Language allows us to structure out thought. Kenneth Burke's idea of the ... |
| Belief & Expectancy-value (1963) by Martin Fishbein |
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| Martin Fishbein was a professor at the University of Illinois — Champaign/Urbana and the Harry C. Coles, Jr. Distinguished Professor of Communication at the Annenberg School for Communication.Fishbein’s resea... |
| Bildungsroman (1974) by Jerome Hamilton Buckeley |
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| Jerome Hamilton Buckeley suggests that English Bildungsromane all tell a story in which:
A child of some sensibility grows up in the country or in a provincial town, where he finds constraints, social and intellectua... |
| Categorization (1987) by George Lakoff |
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| In Women, Fire and Dangerous Things, Lakoff advocates Eleanor Rosch’s view of categorization:
Eleanor Rosch saw the generalizations behind … studies of particular cases [see below] and proposed t... |
| Co-Cultural Communication (1996) by Mark Orbe |
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| Mark Orbe and his colleagues conducted a series of studies involving members of socially marginal groups communicating with members of culturally dominant groups. His first experiments involved African American and gay m... |
| CODE, Encode, Decode (1976) by Umberto Eco |
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| In his "Introduction" to A Theory of Semiotics, Umberto Eco has extended passages on codes and a chapter on a "Theory of Codes" 48ff. For Eco:
A code is a system of signification, insofar a... |
| Codes (2007) by James J. Sosnoski |
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| CODES ARE SOMETIMES DEFINED IN A WAY THAT EXCLUDES SIGNIFICATION.Colin Cherry in his On Human Communication defines a code in relation to signs: "a code is an agreed transformation, usually one to one and reversible... |
| Cognition (1998) by Mark H. Ashcraft |
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| “Cognition is thought, the collection of all the mental processes we use as we perceive and recognize objects, as we learn and remember concepts and ideas, as we comprehend and use language, and as we think and rea... |
| Cognitive Dissonance (1957) by Leon Festinger |
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| For many cognitive therapists (Aron Beck in particular) feelings are understood to be generated by thoughts. Some thoughts evoke positive feelings; others negative feelings. When persons habitually dwell on n... |
| Cognitive Linguistics (2004) by David Lee |
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| David Lee describes cognitive linguistics as an inter grated network of conceptions.
The concepts introduced in this chapter do not constitute an arbitrary set. Their interrelationship stems from the central ro... |
| Cognitive Linguistics Vs. Functional Linguistics (2007) by Jan Nuyts |
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| Cognitive linguistics (CL) is a functionally-oriented model of language but differs from some functional linguistics (FL), for instance from Hallidayan systemic functional linguistics. There are some linguistics who merg... |
| Cognitive Science (2005) by Paul Thagard |
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| In his Mind: Introduction to Cognitive Science, Paul Thagard writes:
Cognitive science is the interdisciplinary study of mind and intelligence, embracing philosophy, psychology, artificial intelligence, neuroscience,... |
| Communibiological Perspective On Traits And Temperament (2009) by Michael Beatty |
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| In dealing with communication from the perspective of the personalities of the participants, traits and temperament are significant factors in the interaction. However it is difficult to research these factors since they... |
| Communication (2003) by MIchael Schudson |
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| In his short overview of key problems at issue in journalism studies, The Sociology of News, Schudson explains that communication is "the social coordination of individuals and groups through shared symbols and... |
| Communication (2010) by James J. Sosnoski |
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| The standard conception of communication is usually articulated along these lines: any process in which people exchange information, ideas, experiences, and feelings whether verbal or non-verbal. The exchange of a "... |
| Communication (2010) by James Jaccard, Jacob Jacoby |
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| In Theory Construction and Model-Building Skills, Jaccard and Jacoby note that:
Communication is typically defined as a process whereby a source transmits a message over a medium to one or more receivers. Unfortunate... |
| Communication Accommodation (1973) by Howard Giles |
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| It is not unusual for persons speaking to others to adjust or adopt their interlocutor’s speech style. All of us are accustomed to doing this as we move from situation to situation. When we talk to offi... |
| Communication As Culture (1989) by James Carey |
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| In the first chapter of Communication As Culture, “A Cultural Approach to Communication,” James Carey observes that two alternative conceptions of communication have existed in American culture since the 19th... |
| Communication Matrix (2003) by C. Kaha Waite |
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| In Mediation and the Communication Matrix, C. Kaha Waite explains her key term:
The term communication matrix identifies not the eye or the ear but that complex human sensorium of speech, vision, hearing, gesture, to... |
| Communication Privacy Management (CPM) (2002) by Sandra Petronio |
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| Generally people want both intimacy and privacy depending on the circumstances. Self-disclosure is the typical communicative pattern in intimate relationships. However, Sandra Petronio in Boundaries of Privac... |
| Communicative Competence And Culture (2008) by Arthur Jensen |
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| It is clear by now that culture is a powerful force that affects every aspect of our lives. We also see and understand how sensitivity to cultural norms and values increase our competence as communicators, and how ignor... |
| Comparing (2002) by Ronald Langacker |
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| Ronald Langacker argues that our cognitive ability to compare "involves distinguishing followed by recognizing similarities" (103) and the act is "the operation that relates a standard of comparison and a ... |
| Computational Model Of Mind (1998) by Michael Dawson |
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| Michael Dawson centers his account of Understanding Cognitive Science on the debate about how to model the human mind. On the one hand, scientist contend that the mind is like a computer (the computational view of the mi... |
| Concept (1994) by Douglas L. Medin |
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| In their “Concepts” Douglas L. Medin and Robert L. Goldstone begin with a general definition of a concept:
A concept is a mental representation or idea that includes a description of important proper... |
| Concept (1996) by Simon Blackburn |
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| The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy defines a concept as
... that which is understood by a term, particularly a predicate. To possess a concept is to be able to deploy a term expressing it in making judgements: the a... |
| Concept (2002) by Ronald Langacker |
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| Concepts are domains or multi-domains — "A coherent area of conceptualization relative to which semantic units may be characterized" 488). Langacker's argument is that linguistic units are usual... |
| Concept / Conception Distinction (2011) by James J. Sosnoski |
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| In SCLCR-L, conceptions provide a framework or understanding a "focal" concept. They are expressed in words used as technical terms that imply cognitive processes associated with conceptualization. Conceptions ... |
| Concept, Meaning Of Vs Use Of (1968) by D. W. Theobald |
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Theobald distinguishes between the meaning of a concept and the use of a concept. The use of a concept depends upon the situation in which it is used. So, the meaning of the concept changes with each use of it. He argu... |
| Conceptual Blending (1964) by Christopher Hart |
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| In his “Critical Discourse Analysis and Conceptualization,” Christopher Hart offers an account of Conceptual Blending Theory (BT) derived from Giles Fauconnier and Mark Turner’s work. He describes... |
| Conceptual Domain (1977) by Dudley Shapere |
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| In March of 1969, a symposium on “the structure of scientific theories” was held at the University of Illinois in Urbana, IL. It featured major figures in the philosophy of science — Thomas Kuhn, Carl G... |
| Conceptual Domain (2002) by Ronald Langacker |
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| A conceptual domain is "a coherent area of conceptualization relative to which semantic units may be characterized" (Foundations of Cognitive Grammar, 488).Langacker distinguishes between two types of conceptua... |
| Conceptual Logistics (2010) by James J. Sosnoski |
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| Conceptual Logistics is the study of how problematics (related research questions)are developed, how they are applied to the situations under investigation, how they are adjusted to it so that they more accurately descri... |
| Configuration (2010) by James J. Sosnoski |
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| In general, a configuration is the expression that accompanies configuring. To put the matter as simply as possible, a configuration offers an analogy from one realm of experience to suggest the contour of an experi... |
| Configuring (2010) by James J. Sosnoski |
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| Storytelling is a fundamental form of human communication. We become fully aware of our own lives through the process of putting our experiences together in story form. By the same token, we understand other persons (inc... |
| Configuring (2010) by James J. Sosnoski |
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| According to the James S. Sosnoski, configuring is a way we use stories to understand things we do not understand and apply them to relationships we do know. This is a strategy is use to communicate with a culture using... |
| Configuring (2010) by James S. Sosnoski |
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| Configuring is the process of storytelling in the context of understanding ourselves and others as defined by James S. Sosnoski. A configuration is the means by which we close the gaps in experience when we communicate w... |
| Conflict (1979) by Henri Tajfel, John Turner |
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| The concept of conflict presented in this article was explained through interpersonal and intergroup conflict. The concept infers that the interaction between two or more individuals that is fully determined by thei... |
| Connectionist Model Of The Mind (1998) by Michael Dawson |
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| In Chapter 3 of Understanding Cognitive Science Michael Dawson describes the connectionist model of the mind in detail, contrasting it to the "computational model" developed in information processing resea... |
| Construal (2001) by David Lee |
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| In his Cognitive Linguistics: An Introduction David Lee calls attention to the fact that cognitive linguists find the assumption that the following sentences express the "same" meaning:
(1A) John gave Mary ... |
| Constructivism (1982) by Jesse Delia, et. al. |
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| Constructivism refers to the research of cognitive scientists that is founded on the premise that persons use the cognitive frameworks which they have constructed in their minds to interpret the world. This premise... |
| Context (1996) by Ungerer & Schmid |
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| In their An Introduction to Cognitive Linguistics, Freidrich Ungerer and Hans-Jӧrg Schmid draw a very helpful distinction between a "context" and a "situation." "we will treat the 'con... |
| Context (2010) by James J. Sosnoski |
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| There are various terms for the context of a communication.Modern linguistics is said to begin with Ferdinand de Saussure who introduced the terms signifier/signified for a word and its "referent." In linguisti... |
| Context Of Situation (1978) by Michael Halliday |
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| In his Language as Social Semiotic: The Social Interpretation of Language and Meaning, M. A. K. Halliday employs Bronislaw Malinowski’s conception of “context of situation,” to examine the relations bet... |
| Convergence (2006) by Jenkins, Henry |
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| Convergence involves a change in the way media is used and produced. It is not always directly linked to commercial media products, though, according to Jenkins. Also, entertainment is not the only thing that flows among... |
| Convergence (2009) by Joseph Straubhaar, Robert Larose, Lucinda Davenport |
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| According to the authors of Media Now convergence is the idea that mass media, telecommunications and computers continue to integrate as technology becomes more developed. The reason for this being that communication is ... |
| Conversational Constraints Theory (1997) by Min-Sun Kim |
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| Within different cultures the way people communicate can become confusing and difficult. Min-Sun Kim lists the five universal conversational constraints, "clarity, minimizing imposition, consideration for the other's fee... |
| Conversational Constraints Theory (2005) by Min-Sun Kim |
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| The conversation constraints theory is a concept that was developed by the social scientist Min Sun Kim in order to explain how and why people make particular conversational choices. This theory focuses on five universal... |
| Conversational Constraints Theory (2005) by Min-Sun Kim |
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| Conversational Constraints Theory was developed by Min-Sun Kim. This theory helps social science researchers study cultural differences through conversational methods a culture utilizes. This theory examines conversation... |
| Coordinated Management Of Meaning (CMM) (1980) by W. Barnett Pearce, Vernon Cronen |
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| In the 1970s the notion that persons construct “social realities” became the premise of many theorird whose authors are often grouped together as constructionists. Nelson Goodman’s Ways of Wo... |
| Critical Approach (2010) by J.N. Martin and T.K. Nakayama |
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| According to J.N. Martin and T.K. Nakayama, the critical approach to studying gender is the approach were one looks at relationships as a whole. Scholars who work using the critical approach work in marcocontexts. The ... |
| Cultivation Theory (1976) by George Gerbner & Larry Gross |
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| The Cultivation theory looks at the effects of media, television especially on the attitudes and behaviors of people. Developed by George Gerbner who fathered the term, cultivation theory can be linked to everyday tele... |
| Cultural Code (1983) by Silverman, K. |
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| In her The Subject of Semiotics, Kaja Silverman writes:
. . . a cultural code is a conceptual system which is organized around key oppositions and equations, in which a term like 'woman' is defined in op... |
| Cultural Configuration (2010) by James J. Sosnoski |
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| A cultural configuration is a configuration (which offers an analogy from one realm of experience to suggest the contour of an experience in another realm) that employs a story as an analogy to the performance of a cultu... |
| Cultural Practice (2010) by James J. Sosnoski |
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| A cultural practice is the habitual performance of an action that identifies the practitioner with a larger group of people who share the values attributed to the performance. Such practices are emotional bonds tha... |
| Cultural Studies (0) by Stuart Hall |
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| It is through cultural studies that Stuart Hall believes one is able to comprehend the role of the media in preserving the status quo. Hall questions why Marx’s prediction that the lower class would revolt against the... |
| Cultural Studies (1980) by Stuart Hall |
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| Stuart Hall felt that media should not be studied as a seperate topic rather how it interacts with culture and specifically power relations. Cultural studies analyzes how media preserves the status quo. Stuart Hall beli... |
| Cultural Studies (1980) by Stuart Hall |
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| Hall focuses on the idea of how media plays a role in how power is distributed within a society. Marxism and other theories dealing with power distribution between the public and private sphere have influenced much of hi... |
| Culture (1976) by Raymond Williams |
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| In his "Introduction" to Keywords, Raymond Williams describes his experience of returning to Cambridge University after serving in the Army during World War II. He was surprised to find himself in a "... |
| Culture (1983) by Edward Said |
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| In The World, the Text, and the Critic, Edward Said theorizes his view of cultural criticism. Critics, Said argues, should be "oppositional." As intellectuals, they have a responsibility to intervene in t... |
| Culture (2010) by James J. Sosnoski |
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| A culture is primarily a way of living, a set of practices which are inculcated in the members of that culture through texts and symbols by the institutions which authorize them on the basis of the beliefs that constitut... |
| Culture (2010) by Martin, J. N., Nakayama, T. K |
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| Culture can be defined as a set of beliefs and behaviors that are passed down from generation to generation with in a given community. Culture can be applied to multiple groups ranging from whole countries to a single fa... |
| Culture And Intercultural Communication (2010) by Nakayama Martin |
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| In her book, Intercultural Communication in Contexts, Nakayama Martin “identifies four interrelated components or building blocks [for] understanding intercultural communication: culture, communication, context and pow... |
| Culture And Self (1991) by Hazel Rose Markus; Shinobu Kitayama |
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| People who come from different cultures have different views of the self, others, and the interdependence of the two. These views can influence and determine the nature of an individual experience, including cognition, ... |
| Decision Frame (1981) by Daniel Kahneman |
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| In "The framing of decisions and the psychology of choice" (1981), Tversky. and Kahneman delineate their conception of a "decision frame":
A decision problem is defined by the acts or options amon... |
| Deduction (scientific) (1968) by D. W. Theobald |
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| Deduction in science, according to Theobald, is usually considered co-terminus with explanation:The logical model for explanation most often discussed by philosophers is the Hempel-Oppenheim deductive model … [whe... |
| Description (1973) by Anthony Kenny |
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| In Wittgenstein, which is an account of his philosophy of language, Anthony Kenny remarks: "One might seek to give an account of the essence of description in the following manner: to describe a state of affairs is ... |
| Desire (2010) by James J. Sosnoski |
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| Desire is a twofold mental state—a desire for what attracts one or a desire to be rid of what is unattractive. Desire is a lack a person feels as the consequence of a belief that the desired object is attractive or... |
| Dialectic (1927) by Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel |
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| Dialectic is when two opposing ideas that are related to the same topic or issue cause tension. This term has origins dating all the way back to Ancient Greece and Plato. Plato use to use dialectics as a form of argument... |
| Dialectic (1951) by Lamb, John |
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| The dialectic concept basically states that mankind is merely a series of constant philosophical conflict. Lamb suggested that the highest state of mankind can only be attained through constant ideological conflict and r... |
| Dialectics (2010) by Martin, J. N., Nakayama, T. K. |
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| Dialect is a dialogue between two or more people who have different ideas and they try to persuade each other with their ideas. The term originated in Ancient Greece and was invented by Plato. During Plato’s time it wa... |
| Diffusion Of Information (1948) by Paul Lazarsfeld |
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| In the early 1940s Paul Lazarfeld and his research team discovered that the effect of mass media, in part, involved communication between opinion leaders and their publics. This became known as the “two-step flow h... |
| Diffusion Of Innovation (1995) by Everett Rogers |
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| While probably best known for A History of Communication Studies, Everett Rogers was a leading researcher on diffusion, in particular, the diffusion of innovations. In Rogers’ view, the diffusion of innovations oft... |
| Digital Divide (2003) by Tricia Ellis-Christensen |
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| The digital divide is what separates those who have access to new technologies and those who don’t have access to them. Computer usage has begun to increase greatly in the United States and more and more places are pro... |
| Digital Inequality (2001) by Bharat Mehra |
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| Digital Inequality does not just include the differences in access, but inequality in differences in access to the Internet. As stated by DiMaggio and Hargittai, digital inequality is mainly due to five different dimensi... |
| Digital Media (1990) by Nelson, Ted |
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| The concept digital media is basically a fairly new term that involves electronic media that works on digital codes. Digital media represents a profound change from previous (analog) media. The opposite of digital is ana... |
| Discipline (1972) by Stephen Toulmin |
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| Among Philosophers of Science, the publication of Thomas Kuhn's influential The Structure of Scientific Revolutions in 1962 sparked numerous debates. While Kuhn's views drew considerable attention, others in the ... |
| Discipline (1993) by David Shumway |
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| In their "Introduction: Disciplinary Ways of Knowing" to Knowledges: Historical and Critical Studies in Disciplinarity, Ellen Messer-Davidow, David R. Shumway, and David J. Sylvan, describe their project: "... |
| Discipline (1993) by Keith W. Hoskin |
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| Hoskin (1993) puts forth for a subject field to call itself a discipline is to have recognized theorists who self-identify as well as have third-party recognition of their status and work in that particular field. H... |
| Discipline (2005) by David Downing |
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| In his The Knowledge Contract: Politics and Paradigms in the Academic Workplace, David Downing ties the development of academic disciplines in the American university to what he terms a "knowledge contract,&quo... |
| Discourse (2004) by Diane Blakemore |
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| In "Discourse and Relevance Theory" (Handbook of Discourse Analysis, 2004) Diane Blakemore writes that
"It is generally agreed that the study of discourse takes us beyond the study of the sentenc... |
| Discourse (2008) by Ronald Langacker |
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| Ronald Langacker who is best known for his Fundamentals of Cognitive Grammar in which he works at the sentence level, in a recent book, Cognitive Grammar: A Basic Introduction, looks ahead to the "frontiers&quo... |
| Discourse / Text Distinction (1999) by Paul Werth |
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| In Text Worlds: Representing Conceptual Space in Discourse (1999), Paul Werth distinguishes between a text and a discourse:
A text is to a sentence as a discourse is to an utterance.' That is to say, a text, like... |
| Discourse Community (1990) by John Swales |
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| In Genre Analysis: English in Academic and Research Settings (1990) John Swales developed a conception of a discourse community in the context of analyzing textual genres. Here are some of the versions his con... |
| Dramatism (1968) by Kenneth Burke |
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| In Kenneth Burke and the Drama of Human Relations, William H. Rueckert succinctly sums up Burke’s dramatism:
[Ritual] drama becomes the archetype in the Burkean version of the drama of human relations, the esse... |
| Dramatism (1968) by Kenneth Burke |
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| In Kenneth Burke and the Drama of Human Relations, William H. Rueckert succinctly sums up Burke’s dramatism:
[Ritual] drama becomes the archetype in the Burkean version of the drama of human relations, the esse... |
| Emotions \ Feelings (1994) by Richard Shweder |
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| It is customary to regard feelings as emotional states. According to the Dictionary of Psychology a feeling is "1. most generally any conscious state or experience. 2. specifically an affective, or emotional, s... |
| Empathetic Effect (1981) by Wilhelm Dilthey |
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| Wilhelm Dilthey’s conception of Verstehen (understanding), in the context of inter-personal communication, emphasizes the empathetic effect another person can have upon oneself. For Dilthey, Hodges argues, "it... |
| Empathy (2003) by Martin L. Hoffman |
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| In Empathy and Moral Development: Implications for Caring and Justice, Martin L. Hoffman notes that:
Empathy has been defined by psychologists in two ways: (a) empathey is the cognitive awareness of another person... |
| Encoding (2000) by Brown, Scott and Fergus I. M. Craik |
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| In "Encoding and Retreival of Information," Brown & Craik define encoding as "the process of acquiring information or placing it into memory, whereas retrieval refers to the process of recovering previ... |
| Episodic Memory (1998) by Tulving, E |
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| In my view, the importance of narratives in communication is not sufficiently recognized. Certainly in interpersonal communication, the persons' lifestories are significant frameworks. Virtually everythin... |
| Epistemology (1990) by Lehrer, Keith |
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| The concept of epistemology is the explanation of how we think. In essence, epistemology is the branch of philosophy that studies knowledge. It attempts to answer the basic question: what distinguishes true (adequate) kn... |
| Ethnocentrism (2003) by Robert Axelrod and Ross A. Hammond |
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| Ethnocentrism is when a person or people believe that the values, ideologies, practices, or beliefs from their culture are more important, more valuable, or the absolute truth in comparison to another cultures’ values ... |
| Ethnocentrism (2003) by Robert Axelrod and Ross A. Hammond |
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| Ethnocentrism is a nearly universal syndrome of attitudes and behaviors, according to Axelrod and Hammond. The attitudes and behaviors refer to feelings of superiority and virtuosity about one's own culture, also called ... |
| Ethnocentrism (2003) by Robert Axelrod and Ross A. Hammond |
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| Robert Axelrod and Ross A. Hammond assert the ideology of ethnocentrism, which they conclude is essentially when an individual is capable of recognizing differences between cultures, yet ultimately favors his/her own cul... |
| Expectancy Violation (1976) by Judee Burgoon |
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| In every human interaction, the participants continuously adapt their behavior in response to their interlocutors. This occurs in numerous ways. Judee Burgoon and her colleagues have researched one of these w... |
| Experience (1934) by John Dewey |
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| John Dewey (born Oct. 20, 1859, Burlington, Vermont and died June 1, 1952, New York, N.Y.) was one of the most important American philosophers.
Dewey joined and gave direction to American pragmatism, which was... |
| Experience (1996) by Simon Blackburn |
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| Simon Blackburn, who retired as professor of philosophy at the University of Cambridge, was a distinguished professor of philosophy at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. While at North Carolina he published... |
| Experience Gap (2010) by James J. Sosnoski |
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| An experience gap#1 refers to the differences between the experiences of different persons communicating with each other. When persons do not understand other persons because they "lack" the experience(s) ... |
| Experience Transfer (2010) by James J. Sosnoski |
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| An experience transfer is the transfer from a person’s memory systems of aspects of past experiences into his or her working memory to construct virtual experiences analogous to another person's experience or a... |
| Explanation (scientific) (1968) by D. W. Theobald |
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| In “Explanation, Prediction, and Scientific Change,” Theobald begins with the most general sense of the term, explanation as statements that satisfy our desire to understand the world about us. How satisfacto... |
| Explanation / Description (1968) by D. W. Theobald |
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| In his chapter on “Concepts, Description, and Explanation,” Theobald begins by proposing that explanations and descriptions are not mutually exclusive classes. He argues that the function of any statement or ... |
| Expression (2002) by Ronald Langacker |
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| The term “expression” has a long history in linguistics. Hjelmslev distinguished between expression and content. Expression referred to the sounds chosen to communicate meaning and content referred to the way... |
| Face Negotiation Theory (1985) by Stella Ting-Toomey |
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| Face negotiation theory links cultural values to facework and conflict styles. This theory explains how different cultures communicate and manage conflict. Facework is the specific strategy we use to “save” our own o... |
| Face Negotiation Theory (2010) by J. Martin and N. Nakayama |
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| Face Negotiation Theory states that the basis of conflict is the way in which one maintains their identity, and that people are constantly trying to influence the way others perceive them. This is most often done with th... |
| Face-Negotiation (1988) by Stella Ting-Toomey |
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| In 1988, Stella Ting-Toomey, published “Intercultural Conflict Styles: A Face-Negotiation Theory. She and Atsuko Kurogi updated it a decade later (Facework Competence in Intercultural Conflict: An Updated Face-Nego... |
| Face-Negotiation Theory (1985) by Stella Ting-Toomey |
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| Theorist, Stella Ting-Toomey explains how cultural values are linked to cultural conflict. Facework, communication strategies used to save our own or someone else´s public image, plays a large factor on how an individua... |
| Facework (1955) by Erving Goffman |
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| In his “Introduction” to The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life (1959), Erving Goffman writes:
When an individual enters the presence of others, they commonly seek to acquire information about him or t... |
| Facework (1963) by Erving Goffman |
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| In order to understand facework we week to know what face means; Face refers to a person’s image of self description. It is how an individual goes about acting in order to get approved social attributes. Facework, then... |
| Facework (1998) by Stella Ting-Toomey, Atsuko Kurogi |
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| Face is a sense of a positive self appraisal or value, which one feels others should acknowledge, respect and support. When someone is embarrassed, ashamed, or humiliated this is known as losing face. On the other hand,... |
| Facework (2010) by J. Martin and N. Nakayama |
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| Facework is communication strategies that we use in order to “save” our own as well as another person’s image in public. How on deals with facework depends on lot on their cultural background. It varies from differ... |
| Facework (2010) by J. Martin, N. Nakayama |
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| Facework is a communication strategy people employ to ‘save’ their image in public. How one deals with facework stems primarily from their cultural background. This strategy is ever-changing amongst different cultu... |
| Facts (1968) by D. W. Theobald |
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| Theobald begins his discussion of facts with the observation that we cannot refer to them; that we can only refer to objects or events. He then asks, how do we recognize what is a fact? Following Strawson, he contends th... |
| Figure / Ground Distinction (2002) by Ronald Langacker |
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| David Lee, who studied with Ronald Langacker, a leading proponent of cognitive linguistics, understands "foregrounding" to be one of the most basic concepts in his theory. He offers the following example ... |
| Five Factor Trait Model (1990) by J. Digman |
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| Psychologists have done considerable research on personality traits. In these efforts, researchers have tended to categorize general traits and include “sub”traits as aspects of them. Hence, the expression th... |
| Five Styles Of Managing Conflict (1962) by Robert Blake and Jane Mouton |
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| “The ways in which people respond to conflict may be influenced by their cultural backgrounds. Most people deal with conflict the way they learned to while growing up and watching those around them deal with contentiou... |
| Foreground / Background Distinction (2002) by Ronald Langacker |
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| The distinction between the foreground and the background of a scene is expresses the way we organize experiences cognitively into figure/ground scenarios. Foreground and background are the expressions we use to re... |
| Frame (1975) by Marvin Minsky |
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| While working in MIT's Artificial Intelligence Lab, Marvin Minsky sent a memo entitled "A Framework for Representing Knowledge" to his co-workers in 1974. At the heart of the memo is his conception of... |
| Frame (2004) by David Lee |
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| The concept of a unit of meaning that is comprehended and stored in memory within more comprehensive units has been referred to by several different terms, most often by “schema,” “mental model,” ... |
| Frame (2006) by Charles Fillmore |
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| Charles Fillmore is well known for his theory of case grammar and frame semantics. He is the director of the FrameNet project which has important implications for frame analysis from a cognitive linguistic point of... |
| Frame (2009) by James J. Sosnoski |
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| A frame is a mental model of experience located in a conceptual structure in an individual's memory system and expressed as a typical situation. In cognitive science, the term, frame, refers to what Philip... |
| Frame / Career Pattern Of A Public Event (1974) by Harvey Molotch and Marilyn Lester |
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| In their "News as Purposive Behavior,"Harvey Molotch and Marilyn Lester" argue that
By suspending belief that an objective world exists to be reported, we develop a conception of news as a constructed ... |
| Frame / Framework (1994) by Erving Goffman |
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| Goffman's conception of framing is notoriously vague.
"I assume that definitions of a situation are built up in accordance with principles of organization which govern events--at least social ones--and our s... |
| Frame / Schema (1932) by Frederic C. Bartlett |
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| In her "What's in a Frame?: Surface Evidence for Underlying Expectations" (Framing in Discourse), Deborah Tannen notes that, a number of conceptions are used virtually as synonyms of "frame" -- sc... |
| Frame Analysis (1974) by Erving Goffman |
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| Goffman, who is often credited with having invented "frame analysis" conducts this mode of analysis is a way that bears little if any relationship to the sort of frame analysis associated with practitioners suc... |
| Frame Analysis (2011) by James J. Sosnoski |
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| There are at least three distinguishable traditions of frame analysis: social scientific, discursive, and semantic.For many social scientists, frame analysis is associated with Erving Goffman's Frame Analysis. ... |
| Framed Interaction (1955) by Gregory Bateson |
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| The Bateson Project (1953 to 1963) was the name given to a ground-breaking collaboration organized by Gregory Bateson beginning in 1953 which was responsible for some of the most important papers and innovations in commu... |
| Frames / Media Frames (1980) by Gitlin, T. |
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| In The Whole World is Watching: Mass media in the making and unmaking of the New Left (1980) Todd Gitlin discusses the media frames that have governed the public's view of a political group.
This book is abo... |
| Frames / Thematic News Frames (1978) by Mark Fishman |
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| In "Crime Waves as Ideology" Mark Fishman explores the thematic use of frames in his research on crime waves constructed in the news.
This study explores how crime waves are constructed in the media and how... |
| Framing (1993) by Entman, Robert |
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| In his early work, for example, Democracy Without Citizens (1989), Entman indicates that, though he is aware that the term, frame, is used in cognitive psychology to refer to the ways in which persons organize their thin... |
| Framing (1993) by Deborah Tannen |
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| In "What's in a Frame: Surface Evidence for Underlying Expectations" (Framing in Discourse) Deborah Tannen, after reviewing various conceptions of a frame, argues that:
What unifies all these branches o... |
| Framing (2003) by Robert Entman |
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| Despite his call in 1993 for a consistent use of the term, framing, a decade later Entman significantly altered his definition of framing in "Cascading Activation." At the surface, the changes seem minor, but a... |
| Framing (2004) by Gail T. Fairhurst |
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| Gail T. Fairhurst is a Professor of Communication at the University of Cincinnati. Her research concerns leadership and language analysis in organizations. She coauthored The Art of Framing: Managing the Language o... |
| Framing / Counterframing (2004) by Entman, Robert |
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| Robert Entman's Projections of Power:
... seeks to reveal how much and what kind of counterframing information the media supply, when, why, and with what effects on democracy and foreign policy. By highligh... |
| Glosseried (2010) by James J. Sosnoski |
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| Glosseried refers to terms given fixed definitions in glossaries. Some textbook authors can mislead students by feeding them dead concepts, bury them in out of date contexts, and then test whether their deade... |
| Grounding Qualitative Research (1967) by Barney G. Glaser, Anselm L. Strauss |
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| In their influential The Discovery of Grounded Theory: Strategies for Qualitative Research, Barney G. Glaser and Anselm L. Strauss offer an alternative to traditional sociological methods. In many, if not most, soc... |
| Groupthink (1972) by Irving Janis |
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| The conception, groupthink, was popularized by Harvard psychologist, Irving Janis in hisGroupthink: Psychological studies of policy decisions and fiascoes. It now can be found in dictionaries: “ groupthink --... |
| Heuristics (2010) by James J. Sosnoski |
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| Heuristics refer to the mental shortcuts people use to make judgments quickly and efficiently. Heuristics are often "cycles of inquiry" wherein an answer to a question implicitly raises another question. T... |
| Human Communication As Narration (1987) by Walter R. Fisher |
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| In Human Communication As Narration: Toward a Philosophy of Reason, Value, and Action, Walter R. Fisher argues that storytelling is central to communication. HE proposes four theses:
(1) a reconceptualization o... |
| Hypothesis (1968) by D. W. Theobald |
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| For Theobald, “if there is a ɸ, then it is a θ" is the statement of an hypothesis. Such expressions are rules for the construction of statements of fact. The statement of a hypothesis and the... |
| Hypothesis (2010) by James Jaccard, Jacob Jacoby |
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| In Theory Construction and Model-Building Skills, James Jaccard and Jacob Jacoby write that:
Many scientists define hypotheses as empirically testable statements that are derived from theories and that form a basis f... |
| Identification (1945) by Kenneth Burke |
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| Identification refers to the situation in which a group or individual find common ground and/or similarities with another group or individual. Burke used this term when discussing strategies of persuasions. He sugges... |
| Identification (1950) by Kenneth Burke |
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| Identification is one of many elements of rhetoric, because through identification a person can be persuaded or vice versa. According to Burke a person uses identification to persuade others by setting a commonality bet... |
| Identification (1962) by Kennth Burke |
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| In his Rhetoric of Motives, Kenneth Burke delineates identification in the following way:
A is not identical with his colleague, B. But insofar as their interests are joined, A is identified with B. Or he may id... |
| Identification (1969) by Kenneth Burke |
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| Identification is a concept introduced by Kenneth Burke. Identification is when a person can look at a story and see elements of themselves within it or within a character in the story. When someone hears a story or sees... |
| Identity (1993) by Dan McAdams |
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| Identity usually refers to expressions of the awareness of being the same agent in the past as one is in the present. (jjs). Dan McAdams glosses this conception in his The Stories We live By:
There is a tension... |
| Imagination (1995) by William Covino and David Jolliffe' |
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In their Rhetoric, William Covino and David Jolliffe offer a snynopsis of the conception of "imagination" in the context of the history of rhetoric:
We can trace the origins of the word imagi... |
| Imagining (2002) by Fauconnier, G. and M. Turner |
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For Giles Fauconnier and Mark Turner, Imagining depends upon our ability to construct a virtual experiences by assembling mental models from the memory of past experiences. In The Way We think, Fauconnier and Turner c... |
| Indentification (1969) by Kenneth Burke |
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| Kenneth Burke first introduced identification as an instrument through which the one being persuaded finds a means through which to identify with the persuader. A set of very strong beliefs is what allows for identifica... |
| Induction (1968) by D. W. Theobald |
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| Induction is an argument from one factual proposition to another. One formulation of the process of induction is that, on the basis of a limited number of cases, we assert a universal generalization, that is, from &lsquo... |
| Inquiry (1938) by John Dewey |
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| John Dewey (born Oct. 20, 1859, Burlington, VT and died June 1, 1952, New York, NY) was one of the most important American philosophers.
Dewey joined and gave direction to American pragmatism, which was initiated by ... |
| Instantiation (2010) by James Jaccard, Jacob Jacoby |
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| In Theory Construction and Model-Building Skills, Jaccard and Jacoby note that researcher usually begin their projects because their is some phenomenon they wish to understand. In their formulations of a "... |
| Institution (2010) by James J. Sosnoski |
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| Since the word "institution" usually calls to mind images of buildings: schools, campuses, churches, etc., one tends to associate the concept with physical entities. For example, H. P. Fairchild:
An ... |
| Intercultural Communication (2010) by Thomas Nakayama & Judith Martin |
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| Culture is defined as a learned set of patterns, behaviors and attitudes by a group of people. The relation that the individuals have with each other depends on the shared experiences that they have. The article agreed... |
| Intercultural Conflict (2001) by Stella Ting- Toomey and John G. Oetzel |
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| Intercultural conflict is defined as the study of conflict that arises due, in part, to differences amongst cultural groups. Furthermore, it is about inheriting the knowledge and skills to manage these differences effect... |
| Intercultural Conflict (2001) by Stella Ting-Toomey & John Oetzel |
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| Intercultural Conflict occurs when two or more people engage in conflict due to culturally based differences. Usually, when this happens it is due to the fact that both people have different views as to how certain thing... |
| Intercultural Conflict (2010) by Martin, J. N., Nakayama, T. K. |
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| Culture, Communications, Conflict
Conflict is usually the result of a culture's dialetic issuses. For example when majority groups structure inequality or double standards in a society. Conflict arises because the ind... |
| Investigation (scientific) (1968) by D. W. Theobald |
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| According to Theobald, scientific investigations result in statements of fact. In this context, he asks whether it can be proved that scientific investigations are superior to any other type of investigation.Discussing i... |
| Knowledge (2010) by James J. Sosnoski |
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| Knowledge, in the academic use of the term, is the result of a systematic procedure of inquiry involving an acquaintance with a body of facts. Knowledge must be established, accepted as such, and culturally codified in t... |
| Knowledge Transfer (2001) by T. Nokes & S. Ohlsson |
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Stellan Ohlsson and his student, Timothy J. Nokes, have been researching knowledge transfer in a series of experiments at the UIC Department of Psychology. Their research is published in "How is Abstract, Generati... |
| Lexicon (2003) by D. A. Cruse |
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| [Prenote: The SCLCR Tookit is the name of a database. The SCLCR Lexicon refers to the structure of its contents. Contributors enter information and descriptions of the use of a conception in communication research into t... |
| Life Story (1998) by Robert Atkinson |
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| In The Life Story Interview, one of the Sage University Papers in the Qualitative Research Methods Series, Robert Atkinson describes a life story as:
... a fairly complete narrating of one's entire experien... |
| Logic Of Signs And Symbols (1993) by Suzanne Langer |
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| Suzanne Langer recognized the power of language symbols, and believed that the ability to create symbols distinguishes humans from non-humans. We talk about feelings, events, and objects that are not physically present.... |
| Memory Systems (2000) by Schacter, D. L. Wagner A. D., and R. L. Buckner |
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| In “Memory Systems of 1999,” Schacter, Wagner, and Buckner review the studies between 1994 when the 5 memory systems was first proposed and 1999.
Schacter and Tulving (1994) argued for distinctions among ... |
| Mental Model (1994) by Ruth M. J. Byrne |
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| Ruth M. J. Byrne is currently Professor of Cognitive Science, in the Institute of Neuroscience & School of Psychology, Trinity College Dublin, University of Dublin. She is the author of several books on human reasoni... |
| Mental Model (1999) by Philip Johnson-Laird |
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| Philip Johnson-Laird, Stuart Professor of Psychology at Princeton University is the person most often credited with the development of the conception “mental models.” In his article “Mental Models&rdquo... |
| Mental Spaces (1994) by Gilles Fauconnier |
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| Giles Fauconnier developed the conception of a mental space in his Fauconnier, G. (1994). Mental spaces : aspects of meaning construction in natural language and Fauconnier, G. (1999). Mappings in Thought and L... |
| Messages Vs. Discourses (2010) by James J. Sosnoski |
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| THE TERM, "MESSAGE," IS MISLEADINGIn Joseph DeVito's Messages: Building Interpersonal Communication Skills, a message is defined as "Any signal or combination of signals that serves as a stimulus for a... |
| Messsage Production As Action Assembly (1984) by John O.Greene |
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| In, "A Cognitive Approach to Human Communication: An Action Assembly Theory," John 0. Greene introduced his model of the way we organize our knowledge to produce messages. To form a message, according to Greene... |
| Models (scientific) (1968) by D. W. Theobald |
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| In Theobald’s view, “experimental science depends upon the recognition and exploration of analogies, upon the construction of models” (56). Models have a vital function in scientific research. Basically... |
| Models Of & Models For (1973) by Clifford Geertz |
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| Clifford Geertz is probably the most influential cultural anthropologist in the late twentieth century. His contributions are numerous:
Geertz’s theoretical contributions start with his definitions and de... |
| Modern Media And Persuasion (2007) by Charles U. Larson |
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| Recently, we have discussed in class how media has evolved and shaped the communication patterns within our culture. From the earliest times of strictly oral communication, to the current vast majority of many electroni... |
| Motive (1945) by Kenneth Burke |
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| Kenneth Burke, a theorist who developed the idea of the Dramatism, also focused on Motive. Burke focused on the formation of “thought” and how one was to act upon “thought” either intentionally or unintentionally... |
| Motives Of Rhetoric (1950) by Kenneth Burke |
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| First published in 1950, "A Rhetoric of Motives," Kenneth Burke explains why people believe what they believe and how to change people to believe what you want them to. The dramatistic pentad, the five elements that make... |
| Narrative (1987) by Gerald Prince |
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| Gerald Prince is a well-known narratologist. He is best known for his conception of a "narratee," the implied audience of a narration, who can be traced in the linguistic markers of a text. For exam... |
| Narrative (1993) by Seymour Chatman |
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| Seymour Chatman is a highly respected American narratologist. He is probably best known for his Story and Discourse (S&D) which is an detailed account of the elements that make up narratives. In a su... |
| Narrative (2004) by Alexandra Georgakopoulou, Dionysis Goutsos |
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| In their Discourse analysis : an introduction (2004), Alexandra Georgakopoulou and Dionysis Goutsos define narrative from a linguistic point of view:
In very general terms, narrative is the encoding of previous ... |
| Narrative Categories (1986) by Wallace Martin |
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| In his Recent Theories of Narrative (1986), Wallace Martin discusses the classification of narratives:
An anthology of literature that is arranged chronologically will usually contain examples of the long narrative f... |
| Narrative Function (1987) by Gerald Prince |
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| A narrative function is a role defined by an inter-action between one figure and another in a narration that advances the story. In his Dictionary of Narratology, Gerald Prince writes that
[Vladimir] Propp, who ... |
| Narrative Storytelling (1984) by Walter R. Fisher |
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| From the perspective of Prof. Sosnoski, story telling can be told and used to understand not only ourselves, but others as well through configuring patterns. Null experiences, transpositions, and cultural/counter cultur... |
| Narrative Structure (1928) by Vladimir Propp |
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| In his "Introduction to the Second Edition" of Vladimir Propp's Morphology of the Folktale, Alan Dundes notes that "there seem to be at least two distinct types of structural analysis in folklore"... |
| Natural / Social Sciences (1968) by D. W. Theobald |
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| Theobald understands the social sciences to be different from the natural sciences:
It is pointless to judge the social sciences against the present state of physics as a paradigm. This is often done by philosophers ... |
| Networked Self (2011) by Zizi Pappacharissi |
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| Papacharissi (2011) explains that the networked self is the self presented in online, networked environments. The networked self is constructed by and through Social Networking Sites like Facebook, Flickr, Twitter and ot... |
| News Propaganda (2001) by Pratakanis, A., Aronson |
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| News media does not aim to provoke thoughtful discussion but rather leave the audience with a vivid image. It is impossible for news sources to cover everything that happens from day to day. News outlets have to make sel... |
| Noise Vs. Miscommunication (2010) by James J. Sosnoski |
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| The Conception of Noise Does Not Include the Conception of Miscommunication.IN EARLY MODELS OF COMMUNICATION, NOISE WAS INCLUDED AS A COMPONENT TO ACCOUNT FOR DISTORTIONS OF THE MESSAGE.Colin Cherry in On Human Communica... |
| Null Experience (2007) by |
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| A null experience is an experience in which someone else has had but you haven’t and don’t understand. Often times we try and use experiences that we have had to try and better understand that of which someone else... |
| Null Experience (2010) by James J. Sosnoski |
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| In instances where persons cannot share experiences, either of two conditions usually pertains: (1) one of the persons has not yet had experiences that would enable communication, or (2) one of the persons CANNOT actuall... |
| Objectivity (2010) by James Jaccard, Jacob Jacoby |
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| James Jaccard and Jacob Jacoby have an excellent discussin of “science and objectivity” in their Theory Construction and Model-Building Skills. They begin by acknowledging scientists bring “... |
| Observation, Direct And Indirect (1968) by D. W. Theobald |
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| Theobald notes that:
The sense of the verbs 'see', 'observe', and 'perceive' is dependent upon the context of their use - there are no privileged situations for seeing. There are as many '... |
| Oral-Aural Culture (1967) by Walter Ong |
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| Oral-Aural Cultures are cultures in which the sole method of passing and gathering information is by listening and speaking. There was no alphabet, written language, or other means to preserve ideas in these cultures.
... |
| Oral-Aural Culture (1967) by Walter Ong |
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| While most people consider speech to be the primary key in communication, humans correspond using a number of senses. “Cultures vary greatly in their exploitation of the various senses and in the way in which they rela... |
| Organizational Stories (1991) by Yiannis Gabriel |
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| Humans interact and share important details of their lives through the use of stories. Yiannis Gabriel outlines his idea that “stories are symbolic reconstruction of events [and that] they infuse facts with value and g... |
| Others (1971) by R. D. Laing |
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| All \'identities\' require an other: some other in and through which a relationship with whom self-identity is actualized. ... By complementarity I denote that fuction of personal relations whereby the other fulfils or ... |
| Paradigm (1962) by Thomas Kuhn |
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| In his often cited The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, Thomas Kuhn begins with a conception of “normal science” by which he means “research firmly based upon one or more past scientific achievement... |
| Pentad (1969) by Kenneth Burke |
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| Kenneth Burke believed that every part of life could be explained by a story or as he would call it dramatism. Burke felt that if one could dissect the story/dramatism into five different parts (act, scene, agent, agency... |
| Pentad Theory (1969) by Kenneth Burke |
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| Kenneth Burke thought that everything people do is dramatic and their actions can be explained in a story. According to him, people have motives behind what they do on a daily basis. He explains the concepts of motivat... |
| Pentad Theory Of Dramatism (1969) by Kenneth Burke |
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| kenneth burkes pentad theory is a way of not just studying stories but also a way of understanding why the way stories are told or why ephasis on certain parts of the story are so influential and significant as it relate... |
| Personal History (2010) by James J. Sosnoski |
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| In his "Neurocognitive Processes of Human Memory" (1998), Endel Tulving, a renowned memory researcher, describes the episodic memory:
Episodic memory does exactly what the other forms of memory do not and c... |
| Perspective (2004) by David Lee |
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| In his Foundations of Cognitive Grammar, Ronald Langacker notes that:
Numerous scholars (e.g. Talmy 1978; DeLancey 1981) have noted the im-portance to semantic and grammatical structure of the perspective taken on a ... |
| Politeness, Expressions Of (positive Face) (1978) by Stephen Levinson |
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| In their “Universals in language usage: Politeness phenomena,” Penelope Brown and Stephen Levinson summarize their research on expressions of politeness in different cultures and languages:
This study is ... |
| Positioning (1999) by Rom Harré & Luk van Langenhove |
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| Rom Harré and Luk van Langenhove argue persuasively that people position each other in ways that affect their identity. They note, for example, that:
A position in a conversation, then, is a metaphorical... |
| Post-disciplinary (1990) by Patricia Harkin |
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| In her "Post-disciplinary Politics of Lore," Patricia Harkin, a well-known rhetorician, writes:
Disciplines look at what they recognize, or more precisely, see only what they recognize no matter where they ... |
| Private Sphere (2010) by Zizi Pappacharissi |
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| Private sphere: a private media environment located within an individual's personal space that enables and politically engages that individual. The private sphere exists in contemporary democratic spaces and places, whic... |
| Probability (scientific) (1968) by D. W. Theobald |
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| Theobald notes that:
The notion of probability has long been used by ordinary men for ordinary purposes, but it is only since the scientific revolution in the sixteenth and- seventeenth centuries that the concept has... |
| Problematic (1977) by Louis Althusser |
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| Louis Althusser developed the conception of a "problematic" in his efforts to resolve a problem in his reading of Marx's Capital. He arrived at several generalizations about science:
This introduc... |
| Prototype (1987) by George Lakoff |
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| George Lakoff’s Women, Fire, and Dangerous Things: What Categories Reveal about the Mind relies upon Eleanor Rosch’s research into categorization:Rosch’s genius has two aspects: she both launched a gene... |
| Quest Stories (2010) by James J. Sosnoski |
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| The QUEST story is one of the oldest stories we have, dating back to Gilgamesh. Jason and the Argonauts is another ancient quest story and perhaps the prototype of the genre in which a young man discovers who he is by se... |
| Questioning (1985) by John Searle |
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| In his Speech Acts, John Searle describes questioning as a speech act with the following characteristics:
CONTENT: Any proposition or propositional functionPREPARATORY SITUATION:
1. S does not know &... |
| Reasoned Action (1975) by Martin Fishbein |
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| Fishbein and Ajzen’s conception of reasoned action is based on Fishbein’s earlier work on expectancy-value in which he established a way of calculating the strength of beliefs. He and his student, Icek Ajzen,... |
| Receivers (2010) by James J. Sosnoski |
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| "Receivers" should be understood as "re-conceptualizers."One of the adjustments to the standard model of communication made in the 1960s was to introduce a dialogical component (going beyond the conce... |
| Register, Semantic (1978) by Michael Halliday |
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| In Language As Social Semiotic: The Social Interpretation of Language and Meaning, Michal Halliday, one of the most respected and influential socio-linguists, delineates his conception of a semantic register:
Types o... |
| Sapir-Wharf Article (1984) by Paul Kay and Willett Kempton |
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| The Sapir-Wharf article main thesis according to the article is that if you expand yourself by learning other languages you will began to see the world differently. It also states that language determines how and what yo... |
| Sapir-whorf Hypothesis (1956) by Edward Sapir and Benjamin Whorf |
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| The principle of Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, as cultivated by American linguist and athropologist Edward Sapir and collaborative student Benjamin Lee Whorf, illustrates the notion that social realities are constructed throug... |
| Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis (1984) by Paul Kay and Willett Kempton |
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| The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis states that ones language determines what he or
she is able to think about. From this hypothesis the idea of Linguistic
Determinism developed. According to the idea of Linguistic
Determinism... |
| Scaffolding (1999) by James Paul Gee |
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| In An Introduction to Discourse Analysis: Theory and Method, James Paul Gee writes:
If I had to single out a primary function of human language, it would be not one, but the following two: to scaffold the performance... |
| Scapegoat (1986) by Perera, Sylvia Brint |
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| The scapegoat concept refers to an explanation of inter-group conflict arguing that hostility caused by frustrating environmental circumstances is released by taking hostile actions against members of other social groups... |
| Scapegoat (2004) by Eric Brahm |
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| Scapegoating is a defense mechanism often used during conflict in which people displace their feelings of guilt or remorse on someone or something else. A person who uses the scapegoating strategy are often insecure and... |
| Schema (1999) by Elliot Aronson |
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| In Social Psychology, Aronson, Wilson and, Akert describe schemas as “Mental structures people use to organize their knowledge about the social world around themes or subjects; schemas affect what information we no... |
| Schema (2002) by Ronald Langacker |
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| In Foundations of Cognitive Grammar, Ronald Langacker offers a linguistic account of a schema. A schema is a linguistic structure that is compatible with another linguistic structure which is subordinate to it in a... |
| Script (1977) by Roger Schank and Robert Abelson |
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| The Artificial Intelligence conception of a script as proposed by Roger Schank and Robert Abelson has been very influential in a number of fields of study. In their Scripts, Plans, Goals, and Understanding: An Inqui... |
| Self (1990) by Carver, C. S. and M. F. Scheier |
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| In their article on " self-focus and self-attention" in The Blackwell Dictionary of Cognitive Psychology, Charles Carver and Michael F. Scheier begin with the classic conception of a "self""... |
| Self-presentation & Self-schemas (1999) by Elliott Aronson, Timothy Wilson, & Robin Akert |
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| In their Social Pyschology, Aronson, Wilson, and Ekert write:
Self-presentation [is] the attempt to present who we are, or who we want people to believe we are through our words, nonverbal hebaviors, and actions. (18... |
| Sender (2010) by James J. Sosnoski |
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| In the standard model of communication, the sender of the message is its encoding source. Encoding however requires cognition. If we are dealing with human communication (& even with machine communication) the ... |
| Sender / Conceptualizer (2010) by James J. Sosnoski |
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| In the standard model of communication, the sender of the message is its encoding source. Encoding however requires cognition. If we are dealing with human communication (& even with machine communication) the ... |
| Situation (1999) by James Paul Gee |
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| James Paul Gee in his An Introduction to Discourse Analysis: Theory and Method understands all discourse to be "situated."
Language then always simultaneously reflects and constructs the situation or contex... |
| Situational Exigency (1968) by Lloyd F. Bitzer |
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| In his "The Rhetorical Situation," a frequently cited essay in rhetorical circles, Lloyd F. Bitzer argues that situations evoke discourse because they contain "exegencies." He writes,
Any ex... |
| Social Network Sites (SNSs) (2007) by Danah M. Boyd |
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| The authors define social network sites as "web-based services that allow individuals to (1) construct a public or semi-public profile within a bounded system, (2) articulate a list of other users with whom they sha... |
| Space And Time Biases (1950) by Harold A. Innis |
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| Historically, individual cultures have continually demonstrated a bias regarding the substance of the culture’s written information. Harold A. Innis has constructed the ideology that one of two biases is established am... |
| Space Bias (1950) by Harold A. Innis |
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| It is important to realize that cultures choose the material where they want their information stored, and this is because they either are bias towards space or time (see notes for time bias)
According to Harold A. In... |
| Speech Acts (1969) by John R. Searle |
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| In the “Preface” to Speech Acts: An Essay in the Philosophy of Language, John R. Searle acknowledges his debt to his mentor J. L. Austin, who in How To Do Things with Words, described a “locutionary act... |
| Speech Codes (1992) by Gerry Philipsen |
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| The basic premise of Gerry Philipsen’s conception of speech codes is that every culture, no matter how small, has distinctive codes by which it members communicate. He borrows this conception from Basil... |
| Spiral Of Silence (1984) by Elisabeth Noelle-Neumann |
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| In the Spiral of Silence, Elisabeth Noelle-Neumann developed a theory of one of the major aspects of public opinion on the premise that people feel pressured to conceal their views if they are in the minority. Thou... |
| Standpoint (1983) by Nancy C. M. Hartsock |
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| The conception of a “standpoint” as developed by Nancy C. M. Hartsock is drawn from Hegel and Marx. The central idea is that one’s view of the world (worldview) is derived in large part from the p... |
| Stereotype (1999) by Elliot Aronson, Timothy Wilson, and Robin Akert |
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| Aronson, Wilson, and Akert describe a stereotype as “a generalization about a group of people in which identical characteristics are assigned to virtually all members of the group regardless of actual variati... |
| Story (1987) by Gerald Prince |
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| Gerald Prince is a well-known narratologist. In Grammar of Stories, he developed a description of stories based on Chomsky's model of generative grammar. Though he later abandoned this theory, his analyse... |
| Storyworld (2002) by David Herman |
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| David Herman, in his Story Logic: Problems and Possibilities of Narrative, regards a “story world” as a complex mental model of a possible world. The concept “world” has become a widely used descr... |
| Structuration (1984) by Anthony Giddens |
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| For Anthony Giddens, structuration refers to the ways that social structures shape behavior at the same time that the behavior of the persons affected shapes the social structures. Social systems have structures (r... |
| Structure Of Research Article (1990) by John M. Swales |
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| In Genre Analysis, John M. Swales draws upon a variety of studies of spoken and written discourse to demonstrate the value of analyzing texts from the perspective of their genres. His focus is on the research article (RA... |
| Suspension Of Disbelief (2002) by Victor Nell |
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| In Mythic Structures in Narrative: The Domestication of Immortality, Victor Nell describes the phenomenon of “suspension of disbelief” as follows:
… the narrative mode, like hypnotic trance and day... |
| Symbolic Convergence (1992) by Donald Shields |
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| Ernest Bormann’s conception of symbolic convergence emerged from his rhetorical method, “fantasy theme analysis.” He contends that sharing group fantasies engenders symbolic convergence. Fantasies in hi... |
| Symbolic Convergence (1997) by Ernest Bormann |
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| Ernest Bormann’s conception of symbolic convergence emerged from his rhetorical method, “fantasy theme analysis.” He contends that sharing group fantasies engenders symbolic convergence. Fantasies in hi... |
| Symbolic Interaction (1969) by Herbert Blumer, George Herbert Mead |
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| For Mead, using language was a process of symbolization. It is the means by which persons interact with each other. In the process of that interaction, persons develop a self-concept (which he called “t... |
| Symbolic Interactionism (1937) by Herbert Blumer |
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| Symbolic Interactionism is the idea presented by Herbert Blumer that people act towards things accordingly to the meaning they have for them. According to Blumer this meaning is derived from the interactions people have... |
| Symbolic Interactionism (1937) by Herbert Blumer |
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| Herbert Blumer explains symbolic interactionism as a way for people to making meanings out of symbols. He thinks that symbols must have meaning for people to understand them. According to Blumer, symbolic interactionism ... |
| Symbolic Interactionism (1937) by Blumer, H. |
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| Symbolic Interactionism as described by Blummer is a way of understanding why and how we study culture. A symbol can be a sign, word, idea, place, group or action in any specific way that a culure give a value of meaning... |
| Symbolic Interactionism (2010) by Herbert Blumer |
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| Symbolic Interactionism is the study of human behavior and life. Herbert Blumer thought of the theory as the process through which humans make meaning of symbols. There are three main principles that are involved in this... |
| Synchonic & Diachronic Axes (1979) by Ducrot, O., & Todorov, T. |
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| In their encyclopedic Dictionary of the Sciences of Language, Oswald Ducrot and Tzvetan Todorov, gloss synchony and diachrony:
Synchrony and Diachrony. Although the term "synchrony" and "diachrony"... |
| Text (1976) by Umberto Eco |
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| In A Theory of Semiotics, Umberto Eco puts the distinction between a text and a discourse into a sharp focus. In his first chapter he describes a very simple communication situation in which a engineer receive... |
| The Pentad (1945) by Kenneth Burke |
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| Kenneth Burke lays out the five key terms of dramatism. He called the five concepts a Pentad. Kenneth Burke creates this method in order to better understand communication and language. Kenneth Burke believes that life i... |
| The Pentad Theory (1969) by Kenneth Burke |
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| According to Kenneth Burke, all of life is a narrative or story from which we act out. Every situation that we are a part of has distinct parts to it that can be clearly identified and observed. He states that all of ou... |
| Theorem (2010) by James J. Sosnoski |
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| A theorem is a warranting proposition used to justify a research project or program. A set of consistently related theorems referring to a field of study is often called a theory.Any theory is an aggregate of "... |
| Theory (1986) by Wlad Godzich |
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| In his "Foreword" to Paul DeMan's The Resistance to Theory, Wlad Godzich, discusses the history of theory, noting that the term has changed considerably over periods of time: “Etymologically, the term... |
| Theory (2010) by James Jaccard, Jacob Jacoby |
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| In their Theory Construction and Model Building Skills, James Jaccard and Jacob Jacoby begin their discussion of “The Process of Theory Construction” with the observation that:
The term theory has been de... |
| Theory Vs. Model (2010) by James Jaccard, Jacob Jacoby |
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| In Theory Construction and Model-Building Skills,James Jaccard, Jacob Jacoby “The distinction between theories and models in the social science literature is not always apparent. They cite two groups of... |
| Thought Experiment (2010) by James Jaccard |
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| In Theory Construction and Model Building Skills: a Practical Guide for Social Scientists, Jaccard and Jacoby argue that:
As you construct a theory that specifies relationships between variables or constructs, ... |
| Traditions In Communication Study (1999) by Robert T. Craig |
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| In “Communication Theory as a Field,” Robert Craig identifies seven research traditions in Communication Studies. On his web page at the University of Colorado, Craig provides the following abstract of ... |
| Transmission (1989) by James Carey |
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| A view that is most common in communication studies is the transmission view. Other terms that used to define this phrase is: imparting, sending, transmitting, or giving information to others. This is because it comes fr... |
| Transportation (1989) by James Carey |
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| Working off John Dewy's work who said that "Society exists not only by transmission, by communication but it may be said to exist in transmission, in communication", Carey simplifies that statement in his essay by statin... |
| Transportation Theory (2004) by Escalas, J.E. |
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| Transportation Theory is a state of immersion into a story or narrative. People become "transported" into a story by their own cognitive construction of scenarios in the forms of movies, television or literature. When th... |
| Transposition (1949) by Wilhelm Dilthey |
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| In his Wilhelm Dilthey: An Introduction, H. A. Hodges explains Dilthey's conception of Sichhineinversetzen (transposition).
This again is not an act of deliberate judgment. I do not begin by observing the pr... |
| Types Of Theories (2010) by James Jaccard, Jacob Jacoby |
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| In their Theory Construction and Model Building Skills, James Jaccard and Jacob Jacoby note that:
Philosophers of science have developed typologies of theories so as to better understand the range of theor... |
| Uncertainty Reduction (1975) by Richard Calabrese |
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| In “Uncertainty and Information Exchange in Developing Relationships,” Charles R. Berger wrote that “the beginnings of personal relationships are fraught with uncertainties” (1988). More than a de... |
| Understanding (1975) by Paul Feyerabend |
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| The following, excerpted from Against Method, is Paul Feyerabend's perceptive narrative about what it means to understand. He sees the process as a series of phases:Phase One: Learning the details
An ... |
| Virtual (2010) by James J. Sosnoski |
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| The use of the term "virtual" has exploded in the last decade especially with the rapid increase of Internet use. Internet researchers like Steve Jones refer to "virtual communities" that inhabit... |
| Virtual Experience (2010) by James J. Sosnoski |
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| In the course of working on virtual reality experiments in the Electronic Visualization Lab at the University of Illinois — Chicago, I described a virtual experience in "The Virtual Harlem Experiments&qu... |
| Virtual Reality (2005) by Cline, M. S. |
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| The basic concept of virtual reality is a sensory immersion through a computer
generated environment. Included in the experience are sight, sound, touch,
and smells. This is basically a kind of controllable reality sim... |
| Working Terms (2010) by James J. Sosnoski |
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| Working terms are terms defined provisionally in order to facilitate a research project.When specialists from different fields of study collaborate with one another, they often return to "ordinary" language to ... |
| Worldview (1981) by Michael Ermarth (Wilhelm Dilthey) |
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| The German philosopher, Wilhelm Dilthey is well known for his concpetion of Weltanschauung (worldview). In Wilhelm Dilthey: The Critique of Historical Reason, Michael Ermarth, an historian, describes Dilthey's concep... |
| Worldview (1989) by James Olthuis |
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| In "On Worldviews," James Olthuis writes that:
A worldview (or vision of life) is a framework or set of fundamental beliefs through which we view the world and our calling and future in it. This vision need... |
Accommodation
View a bibliography for the entire database!